学习外语,先来了解语言磨蚀。
学习一门甚至多门外语,你是否曾经历过以下现象?
外语单词背了忘,忘了背,背了又忘,忘了再背...
听说读写一天不练,自己知道;两天不练,老师知道;三天不练,全世界都知道...
英文表达离不开Chinglish,中文表达丢不掉翻译腔...
每每发生以上的情况,广大双语或多语学习者可能都会归咎于自己学艺不精,动不动脑子生锈,舌头打结。
但其实我们不必妄自菲薄,这些都是正常的生理现象,语言学家们称之为语言磨蚀(language attrition)。
One
什么是语言磨蚀?
"Language attrition", the reverse process of language acquisition, is the gradual deterioration of a bilingual or multilingual speaker's ability to use a language over time as the use of that language decreases or stops.
“语言磨蚀”,简称“语蚀”,即语言习得的逆过程,指双语或多语使用者由于某种语言使用的减少或停止, 其运用该语言的能力随着时间的推移而逐渐减退。
This means that as we learn more than one language, the mother tongue or the language we are learning will gradually deteriorate.
也就是说,我们学习超过一门语言时,母语或所学的语言会逐渐退化。
起源
1
在1980年宾夕法尼亚大学召开的“语言技能磨蚀大会”上,语言磨蚀被确立为一项新的语言研究领域。
现状
3
语言磨蚀研究历经了大半个世纪的发展,现已成为一个相对独立的领域,在语言学和应用语言学理论研究、语言教学和语言规划等方面均受到重视。
发展
2
外语磨蚀研究模式、研究方法和手段不断更新。许多国家的学者专家都开展了语言磨蚀的跨学科、跨领域研究。
语言磨蚀的两种类型
语言磨蚀可以被分为母语磨蚀(native-language attrition) 和外语磨蚀 (second-language attrition)。
母语磨蚀是指学习外语时,母语使用减少或停止导致母语能力减退。因为学习外语或阅读外国名著而产生的翻译腔(Translationese)以及欧化汉语(Europeanization in modern standard Chinese)都属于母语磨蚀。
相反,外语磨蚀是指外语使用减少或停止导致外语能力减退。这就是我们长时间不复习单词、不巩固外语学习的带来的弊端啦。
Two
为什么会出现语言磨蚀?
人的记忆力有限,遗忘无时无刻不在发生。但是,不同的因素影响语言磨蚀的速度和程度也不同。
其中比较重要的三大因素有:磨蚀前语言水平,年龄和语言习得方式。
1
磨蚀前语言水平
Language Proficiency Level Prior to Attrition
Many relevant studies have shown that the higher the language proficiency level prior to attrition, the slower the rate of attrition.
许多相关研究表明,磨蚀前语言水平越高,磨蚀速度就越慢。
High level language learners retain a high degree of knowledge even when they do not use the language for a period of time.
高水平的语言学习者即使一段时间不使用该语言,知识的保留程度也很高。
In contrast, language learners who are just starting out can quickly regress to a near-zero level if they do not practice consistently.
相反,刚刚入门的语言学习者,如果不持之以恒地练习,很快就会退回到几乎零基础的水平。
2
年龄
Age
Although the prime age for language learning is from birth to seven years old, children learn and forget quickly. The younger they are, the faster the language wears off. Why is this?
虽然学习语言的黄金年龄是从出生起到7岁,但儿童学得快忘得也快。年龄越小,语言磨蚀的速度就越快。这是为什么呢?
In fact, there are two explanations for this: firstly, peer influence is different. Psychologically speaking, children are extremely susceptible to peer influence and are reluctant to speak a foreign language if they are surrounded by friends who speak the mother tongue.
其实可以从两方面来解释:一是同伴影响不同,从心理学角度来说,儿童极容易受到同伴的影响,如果周围的小伙伴都说母语的话,孩子就不愿意说外语了。
Secondly, adults and children acquire language in different ways. Children mostly acquire the target language through everyday communication in their natural environment and do not grasp its rules to a rational level, whereas adults learn language through deliberate practice and understand the rules of the language more thoroughly, so the rate of language attrition is naturally slower.
二是成年人和儿童的语言习得方式不同。儿童大多是在自然环境中通过日常交流潜移默化地习得目的语,对其规则的掌握没有上升到理性高度,而成年人多是通过刻意的练习来学习语言,对语言规则了解得更透彻,语言磨蚀的速度自然就较慢。
3
语言教学方式
Language Instruction
Explicit teaching methods are more resistant to language attrition than immersive teaching methods. The former allow learners not only know it, but also know how it comes, whereas the latter often only allows learners to know it.
明示教学法比沉浸教学法更能抵抗语言磨蚀。前者不仅让学习者知其然更知其所以然,而后者往往仅使学习者知其然。
Once the immersive learners are isolated from the environment of language use, their language network that have not been built up through formal instruction is extremely fragile and vulnerable to disruption and attrition.
沉浸式的语言学习者一旦脱离了语言使用的环境,其没有通过正式教学建立起来的语言网络极其脆弱,容易受到干扰,不耐磨蚀。
Three
如何减少语言磨蚀?
既然了解了导致语言磨蚀的因素,那我们就能对症下药,减少语言磨蚀,提高语言学习的效率和水平啦~
针对有效的抗语言磨蚀措施,我们简单列举如下三点:
No.1
专注提高语言水平
初级掌握的语言更容易受到磨蚀,所以,最好在一门语言达到一定水平(如中高级)后,再开始学习新的语言。
按年龄划分语言学习阶段
要抛弃年龄越大学外语越难的偏见,根据不同年龄阶段语言学习的特点,选取相应的教材,采用合适的教学方案。
No.2
No.3
采用明示教学法
外语教师应当及时纠正对于沉浸式教学法和交际教学法的过度吹捧,在初级阶段打好学生语言学习的基础,加强听、读、写的专项练习。
文章来源:外研社K12公众号
参考资料:
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2.王湘云.语言磨蚀原因与应对策略[J].东北师大学报, 2011(03):121-124.DOI:10.16164/j.cnki.22-1062/c.2011.03.019.
3.B.Köpke,韩大伟,宋葳.《语言磨蚀理论研究》介绍[J].当代语言学,2010,12(01):84-87.